Background Note: Botswana
Background Note: Botswana
PROFILE
OFFICIAL
NAME:
Republic of Botswana
Geography
Area: 582,000 sq. km. (224,710 sq. mi.), about the
size of Texas.
Cities (2001 census):
Capital--Gaborone (pronounced ha-bo-ro-neh), pop.
186,007. Other towns--Francistown (83,023),
Selebi-Phikwe (49,849), Molepolole (54,561), Kanye (40,628),
Serowe (42,444), Mahalapye (39,719), Lobatse (29,689), Maun
(43,776), Mochudi (36,962).
Terrain: Desert and savanna.
Climate: Mostly subtropical.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Motswana
(sing.), Batswana (pl.).
Population (est.): 1.84
million.
Annual population growth rate (2008): 1.434%.
Ethnic groups: Tswana 79%; Kalanga 11%; Kgalagadi,
Herero, Bayeyi, Hambukush, Basarwa ("San"), Khoi, whites
10%.
Religions: Christianity 70%, none 20%, indigenous
beliefs 6%, other 4%.
Languages: English (official),
Setswana, Ikalanga.
Education: Adult
literacy--81%.
Health (2008): Life
expectancy--50.6 years. Infant mortality
rate--44.01/1,000.
Work force (2005/2006 est.):
548,600 employed; total including unemployed, 651,500.
Government
Type: Republic, parliamentary
democracy.
Independence: September 30, 1966.
Constitution: March 1965.
Branches:
Executive--president (chief of state and head of
government), cabinet. Legislative--popularly elected
National Assembly; advisory House of Chiefs.
Judicial--High Court, Court of Appeal, local and
customary courts, industrial labor court.
Administrative
subdivisions: Five town councils and nine district councils.
Major political parties: Botswana Democratic Party
(BDP)--48 seats, Botswana National Front (BNF)--12 seats,
Botswana Congress Party (BCP)--1 seat, Botswana Alliance
Movement (BAM)--0 seats.
Suffrage: Universal at 18.
Economy
Nominal GDP (2007): $11.9 billion.
Real GDP growth rate (2007 est.): 4.8%.
Per capita
nominal GDP (2007): $6,742.
Natural resources: Diamonds,
copper, nickel, coal, soda ash, salt, gold, potash.
Agriculture (1.7% of real GDP, 2006/2007):
Products--livestock, sorghum, white maize, millet,
cowpeas, beans.
Industry: Types--mining (42% of
real GDP, 2006/2007): diamonds, copper, nickel, coal;
tourism, textiles, construction, tourism, beef processing,
chemical products production, food and beverage production.
Trade (2007): Exports--$7.2 billion: diamonds,
nickel, copper, meat products, textiles, hides, skins, and
soda ash. Partners--EU, South Africa.
Imports--$4.2 billion: machinery, transport
equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals, fuels.
Major suppliers--South Africa, EU, and U.S.
PEOPLE AND HISTORY
The Batswana, a term also
used to denote all citizens of Botswana, refers to the
country's major ethnic group (the "Tswana" in South Africa),
which came into the area from South Africa during the Zulu
wars of the early 1800s. Prior to European contact, the
Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule.
In the 19th century, hostilities broke out between the Batswana and Boer settlers from the Transvaal. After appeals by the Batswana for assistance, the British Government in 1885 put "Bechuanaland" under its protection. The northern territory remained under direct administration and is today's Botswana, while the southern territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa; the majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South Africa.
Despite South African pressure, inhabitants of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland in 1909 asked for and received British assurances that they would not be included in the proposed Union of South Africa. An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils representing Africans and Europeans. Proclamations in 1934 regularized tribal rule and powers. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council.
In June 1964, Britain accepted proposals for democratic self-government in Botswana. The seat of government was moved from Mafikeng, in South Africa, to newly-established Gaborone in 1965. The 1965 constitution led to the first general elections and to independence in September 1966. Seretse Khama, a leader in the independence movement and the legitimate claimant to traditional rule of the Bamangwato, was elected as the first president, re-elected twice, and died in office in 1980. The presidency passed to the sitting vice president, Ketumile Masire, who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. The presidency passed to the sitting vice president, Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own right in 1999. Mogae won a second term in elections held October 30, 2004 and stepped down in accordance with national term limits on March 31, 2008. On April 1, 2008 former Vice President Ian Khama assumed the presidency. The next general election is expected in October 2009.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Botswana has a flourishing multiparty constitutional
democracy. Each of the elections since independence has been
freely and fairly contested and has been held on schedule.
The country's minority groups participate freely in the
political process. There are three main parties and a number
of smaller parties. In national elections in 2004, the
Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) won 44 of 57 contested
National Assembly seats, the Botswana National Front (BNF)
won 12, and the Botswana Congress Party (BCP) won 1 seat.
Individuals elected by the National Assembly hold an
additional 4 seats; the ruling BDP currently holds all 4.
The opposition out-polled the ruling BDP in most urban
areas. The openness of the country's political system has
been a significant factor in Botswana's stability and
economic growth. General elections are held every 5 years.
The next general election is expected to be held in October
2009.
The president has executive power and is chosen by the National Assembly following countrywide legislative elections. The cabinet is selected by the president from the National Assembly; it consists of a vice president and a flexible number of ministers and assistant ministers, currently 16 and 8, respectively. The National Assembly has 57 elected and 4 specially elected members; it is expanded following each census (every 10 years; the most recent was conducted in 2001).
The advisory House of Chiefs represents the eight principal subgroups of the Batswana tribes, five members specially elected by the president, and 22 members elected from designated regions. The elected members hold office for a period of only 5 years whereas the eight principal chiefs are members for life. A draft of any National Assembly bill of tribal concern must be referred to the House of Chiefs for advisory opinion. Chiefs and other leaders preside over customary traditional courts, though all persons have the right to request that their case be considered under the formal British-based legal system.
The roots of Botswana's democracy lie in Setswana traditions, exemplified by the Kgotla, or village council, in which the powers of traditional leaders are limited by custom and law. Botswana's High Court has general civil and criminal jurisdiction. Judges are appointed by the president and may be removed only for cause and after a hearing. The constitution has a code of fundamental human rights enforced by the courts, and Botswana has a good human rights record.
Local government is administered by nine district councils and five town councils. District commissioners have executive authority and are appointed by the central government and assisted by elected and nominated district councilors and district development committees. There has been ongoing debate about the political, social, and economic marginalization of the San (indigenous tribal population). The government's policies for the Basarwa (San) and other remote area dwellers continue to spark controversy.
Principal Government Officials
President--Lt. Gen. (ret.) Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Vice President--Lt. Gen (ret.) Mompati S. Merafhe
Cabinet Ministers
Finance and Development
Planning--Baledzi Gaolathe
Foreign Affairs and
International Cooperation--Phandu T.C. Skelemani
Environment, Wildlife and Tourism--Onkokame Kitso
Mokaila
Communications, Science and Technology--Pelonomi
Venson-Moitoi
Office of the President for Justice,
Defense and Security--Dikgakgamatso R. Seretse
Office of
the President for Public Administration--Daniel Kwelagobe
Trade and Industry--Daniel Neo Moroka
Minerals,
Energy and Water Resources--Ponatshego Kedikilwe
Lands
and Housing--Nonofo E. Molefi
Local Government--Margaret
Nasha
Education and Skills Development--Jacob Nkate
Health--Lesego E. Motsumi
Works and
Transport--Johnnie K. Swartz
Labour and Home
Affairs--Peter L. Siele
Sports, Youth, and
Culture--Gladys K. Kokorwe
Agriculture--Christian De
Graaff
Ambassador to the United States--L. Caesar Lekoa
Ambassador to the United Nations--Charles Ntwaagae
Botswana maintains an embassy at 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036 (tel. 202-244-4990; fax 202-244-4164). Its mission to the United Nations is at 103 E. 37th Street, New York NY 10017 (tel. 212-889-2277; fax 212-725-5061).
ECONOMY
Botswana has enjoyed
one of the fastest growth rates in per capita income in the
world since independence. Economic growth averaged 9% per
year from 1967-2006. The government has maintained a sound
fiscal policy, despite three consecutive budget deficits in
2002-2004, and a negligible level of foreign debt. Foreign
exchange reserves were $10.2 billion at the end of November
2007, equivalent to 28 months' cover of 2007 imports of
goods and services. Botswana's impressive economic record
has been built on the foundation of wisely using revenue
generated from diamond mining to fuel economic development
through prudent fiscal policies and a cautious foreign
policy. However, economic development spending was cut by
10% in 2004/2005 as a result of recurring budget deficits
and rising expenditure on healthcare services. Development
spending began to increase again in 2006/2007 and was
budgeted to increase by 27% in the 2007/2008 fiscal year.
Real GDP remained flat in 2005/2006, but the growth rate
recovered to 6.2% in 2006/2007. The government recognizes
that HIV/AIDS will continue to affect the economy and is
providing leadership and programs to combat the epidemic,
including free anti-retroviral treatment and a nationwide
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program.
Mining
Debswana (formed by the government and
South Africa's DeBeers in equal partnership) is the largest
mining operation in Botswana. Several other mining
operations exist in the country, including the Bamangwato
Concessions, Ltd. (BCL, also with substantial government
equity participation) and Tati Nickel.
Since the early 1980s, the country has been the world's largest producer of gem-quality diamonds. Four large diamond mines have opened since independence. DeBeers prospectors discovered diamonds in northern Botswana in the late 1960s. The first mine began production at Orapa in 1972, followed by the smaller mines of Lethlakane and Damtshaa. What has become the single-richest diamond mine in the world opened in Jwaneng in 1982. The Orapa 2000 Expansion of the existing Orapa mine was opened in 2000. In December 2004, Debswana negotiated 25-year lease renewals for all four of its mines with the Government of Botswana. For the 12-month period ending June 30, 2007, diamonds accounted for 67% of total exports (down from a high of 84% in 2003/2004) and 28% of GDP Diamond mining, however, is capital intensive and only accounts for approximately 5% of employment. In 2007, Debswana produced 33.8 million carats, down slightly from 34.3 million carats in 2006, but 2007 revenue was 18 billion pula (approximately U.S. $3 billion), a 3.5% increase from 2006. Exploration for other kimberlite pipes continues. In addition, as part of Botswana's drive to diversify and increase local value added within the mining sector, De Beers opened the Diamond Trading Center in 2008 to shift sorting, cutting, polishing, aggregating, and marketing to Gaborone from London.
BCL, which operates a copper-nickel mine at Selebi-Phikwe, has had a troubled financial history but remains an important employer, although the life of the mine is expected to end in the next 5 to 10 years. Other copper-nickel mines include Tati Nickel near Francistown. Botash, the sole producer of soda ash in the region and supported by substantial government investment, produced 265,000 tons of soda ash in 2005.
Coal-bed methane gas has been discovered in the northeastern part of the country, estimated by the developers at a commercially viable quantity of 12 trillion cubic feet. Development of the gas fields has been slow, however.
Tourism
Tourism is an increasingly
important industry in Botswana, accounting for approximately
10% of GDP in 2006. One of the world's unique ecosystems,
the Okavango Delta, is located in Botswana. The country
offers excellent game viewing and birding both in the Delta
and in the Chobe Game Reserve--home to one of the largest
herds of free-ranging elephants in the world. Botswana's
Central Kalahari Game Reserve also offers good game viewing
and some of the most remote and unspoiled wilderness in
southern Africa.
Agriculture
More than
one-half of the population lives in rural areas and is
largely dependent on subsistence crop and livestock farming.
Agriculture meets only a small portion of food needs and
contributes a very small amount to GDP--primarily through
beef exports--but it remains a social and cultural
touchstone. Cattle raising in particular dominated
Botswana's social and economic life before independence. The
national herd is estimated between 2 and 3 million head, but
the cattle industry is experiencing a protracted decline.
Private Sector Development and Foreign Investment
Botswana seeks to further diversify its economy away
from minerals, which account for over 40% of GDP. Foreign
investment and management are welcomed in Botswana. Botswana
abolished foreign exchange controls in 1999, has a low
corporate tax rate (15%), and no prohibitions on foreign
ownership of companies. The country's inflation rate had
remained stable and comparatively low over the 10 years
preceding 2005. However, rising fuel and utility prices
along with the government's 12.5% devaluation of the Pula in
May 2005 resulted in a spike in inflation to 11.4% as of
December 2005, which fell well outside the Bank of
Botswana's target rate of between 4%-7%. Inflation as of
November 2007 was 7.7%. The Government of Botswana was
considering additional policies to enhance competitiveness,
including a new Foreign Direct Investment Strategy and
National Export Development Strategy. Botswana's parliament
adopted both a Privatization Master Plan and a new
Competition Policy that were aimed at fostering economic
diversification.
With its proven record of good economic governance, Botswana was ranked as Africa's least corrupt country by Transparency International in 2008 (36th worldwide, ahead of many European and Asian countries). Botswana is consistently ranked by international organizations as among the freest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. In the 2008 Economic Freedom of the World report, Botswana was ranked 60th overall and third-highest in Africa, while the Heritage Foundation's 2008 Index of Economic Freedom ranked Botswana second in sub-Saharan Africa. In November 2005, Standard & Poor's once again assigned Botswana an "A" grade credit rating. This ranks Botswana as by far the best credit risk in Africa and puts it on par or above many countries in central Europe, East Asia, and Latin America.
U.S. investment in Botswana remains at relatively low levels. Major U.S. corporations, such as H.J. Heinz and AON Corporation, are present through direct investments, while others, such as Kentucky Fried Chicken and Remax, are present via franchise. The sovereign credit ratings by Moody's and Standard & Poor's clearly indicate that, despite continued challenges such as small market size, landlocked location, and cumbersome bureaucratic processes, Botswana remains one of the best investment opportunities in the developing world. Botswana has a 90-member American Business Council that accepts membership from American-affiliated companies.
Because of history and geography, Botswana has long had deep ties to the economy of South Africa. The Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU), comprised of Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, and South Africa, dates from 1910, and is the world's oldest customs union. Under this arrangement, South Africa has collected levies from customs, sales, and excise duties for all five members, sharing out proceeds based on each country's portion of imports The exact formula for sharing revenues and the decision-making authority over duties--held exclusively by the Government of South Africa--became increasingly controversial, and the members renegotiated the arrangement in 2001. A new structure was formally ratified and a SACU Secretariat was established in Windhoek, Namibia. Following South Africa's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO, of which Botswana also is a member), many of the SACU duties are declining, making American products more competitive in Botswana. Botswana signed an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union in December 2007, and, as a member of SACU, it signed a preferential trade agreement in 2004 with Mercosur. In July 2008, SACU signed its first Trade, Investment and Development Cooperation Agreement (TIDCA) with the United States. SACU also has plans to negotiate free trade agreements with China, India, Kenya, and Nigeria.
Botswana's currency--the Pula--is fully convertible and is valued against a basket of currencies heavily weighted toward the South African Rand. Profits and direct investment can be repatriated without restriction from Botswana. The Botswana Government eliminated all exchange controls in 1999. The Central Bank devalued the Pula by 12.5% in May 2005 in a bid to maintain export competitiveness against the real appreciation of the Pula and restructured the exchange rate mechanism to a crawling peg system to ensure against future large-scale devaluations.
Botswana is a member of the 14-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC), and Gaborone hosts the SADC Secretariat's headquarters. SADC has a broad mandate to encourage growth, development, and economic integration in Southern Africa. SADC's Trade Protocol, which was launched on September 1, 2000, called for the elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade by 2008 among the 11 signatory countries. The SADC free trade agreement based on the agreed tariff phasedown was launched at the August 2008 summit in South Africa. Zimbabwe's membership has limited SADC's opportunities for cooperation with the United States.
Transportation and
Communications
A sparsely populated, semi-arid
country about the size of Texas, Botswana has nonetheless
managed to incorporate much of its interior into the
national economy. An "inner circle" highway connecting all
major towns and district capitals is completely paved, and
the all-weather Trans-Kalahari Highway connects the country
(and, through it, South Africa's commercially dominant
Gauteng Province) to Walvis Bay in Namibia. A fiber-optic
telecommunications network has been completed in Botswana
connecting all major population centers.
In addition to the government-owned newspaper and national radio network, there is an active, independent press (one daily and seven weekly newspapers). Two privately owned radio stations began operations in 1999, and a third began operations in 2008. In 2000, the government-owned Botswana Television (BTV) was launched, which was Botswana's first national television station. GBC is a commercially owned television station that broadcast programs to the Gaborone area only. Foreign publications are sold without restriction in Botswana, and there are 22 commercial Internet service providers. Three cellular phone providers cover most of the country.
DEFENSE
The president is commander in chief of
the Botswana Defense Force (BDF). A defense council is
appointed by the president. The BDF was formed in 1977 and
has approximately 13,000 members.
The BDF is a capable and well-disciplined military force. Following positive political changes in South Africa and the region, the BDF's missions have increasingly focused on border control and anti-poaching activities. The BDF is considered an apolitical and professional institution.
FOREIGN
RELATIONS
Botswana puts a premium on economic and
political integration in Southern Africa. It seeks to make
SADC a working vehicle for economic development, and
promotes efforts to make the region self-policing in terms
of preventative diplomacy, conflict resolution, and good
governance. Botswana joins the African consensus on most
major international matters and is a member of international
organizations such as the United Nations and the African
Union (AU). In 2008, Botswana has taken a leadership role
within SADC advocating for a resolution of the crisis in
Zimbabwe that fully reflects the will of the Zimbabwean
people.
U.S.-BOTSWANA RELATIONS
The United
States considers Botswana an advocate of and a model for
stability in Africa and has been a major partner in
Botswana's development since its independence. The U.S.
Peace Corps returned to Botswana in August 2002 with a focus
on HIV/AIDS-related programs after concluding 30 years of
more broadly targeted assistance in 1997. Similarly, the
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) phased out
a longstanding bilateral partnership with Botswana in 1996,
after successful programs emphasizing education, training,
entrepreneurship, environmental management, and reproductive
health. Botswana, however, continues to benefit along with
its neighbors in the region from USAID's Initiative for
Southern Africa, now based in Pretoria, and USAID's Southern
Africa Global Competitiveness Hub, headquartered in
Gaborone. The United States International Board of
Broadcasters (IBB) operates a major Voice of America (VOA)
relay station in Botswana serving most of the African
continent.
In 1995, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) started the BOTUSA Project in collaboration with the Botswana Ministry of Health in order to generate information to improve tuberculosis (TB) control efforts in Botswana and elsewhere in the face of the TB and HIV/AIDS co-epidemics. Under the 1999 U.S. Government's Leadership and Investment in Fighting an Epidemic (LIFE) Initiative, CDC through the BOTUSA Project has undertaken many projects and has assisted many organizations in the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Botswana. Botswana is one of the 15 focus countries for PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for Aids Relief, and received more than $230 million since the program began in January 2004 through September 2007. PEPFAR assistance to Botswana, which totaled $76.2 million in FY 2007, is contributing to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care interventions.
The International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA), situated just outside of Gaborone, is another example of bilateral cooperation. The academy, jointly financed, managed, and staffed by the Governments of Botswana and the United States, provides training to police and government officials from across the Sub-Saharan region. The academy's permanent campus, in Otse outside of Gaborone, opened March 2003. Over 3,000 law enforcement professionals from Sub-Saharan Africa have received training from ILEA since it began offering classes in 2001.
Principal
U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Stephen J. Nolan
Deputy Chief of
Mission--Philip R. Drouin
Office of Defense
Cooperation--William Wyatt
Centers for Disease
Control--Dr. Margarett Davis
International Board of
Broadcasters--George Miller
International Law
Enforcement Agency--Stan Moran
Peace Corps--Margaret
McClure
The U.S. Embassy is on Embassy Drive off Khama Crescent--P.O. Box 90, Gaborone (tel. 267-353-982; fax 267-356-947). ODC is located at the embassy. CDC is located on Lejara Road, Phase 2 in Gaborone. ILEA is located in Otse, about 30 minutes outside of Gaborone. The IBB station is located in Selebi-Phikwe, about 400 kilometers northeast of Gaborone.
TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION
The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information
Program advises Americans traveling and residing abroad
through Country Specific Information, Travel Alerts, and
Travel Warnings. Country Specific Information exists
for all countries and includes information on entry and exit
requirements, currency regulations, health conditions,
safety and security, crime, political disturbances, and the
addresses of the U.S embassies and consulates abroad.
Travel Alerts are issued to disseminate information
quickly about terrorist threats and other relatively
short-term conditions overseas that pose significant risks
to the security of American travelers. Travel
Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends
that Americans avoid travel to a certain country because the
situation is dangerous or unstable.
For the latest security information, Americans living and traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs Internet web site at http://www.travel.state.gov, where the current Worldwide Caution, Travel Alerts, and Travel Warnings can be found. Consular Affairs Publications, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad, are also available at http://www.travel.state.gov. For additional information on international travel, see http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Travel/International.shtml.
The Department of State encourages all U.S. citizens traveling or residing abroad to register via the State Department's travel registration website or at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. Registration will make your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary to contact you in an emergency and will enable you to receive up-to-date information on security conditions.
Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the US. and Canada or the regular toll line 1-202-501-4444 for callers outside the U.S. and Canada.
The National Passport Information Center (NPIC) is the U.S. Department of State's single, centralized public contact center for U.S. passport information. Telephone: 1-877-4-USA-PPT (1-877-487-2778); TDD/TTY: 1-888-874-7793. Passport information is available 24 hours, 7 days a week. You may speak with a representative Monday-Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., Eastern Time, excluding federal holidays.
Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) and a web site at http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/default.aspx give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. The CDC publication "Health Information for International Travel" can be found at http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/contentYellowBook.aspx.
Further Electronic Information
Department
of State Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://www.state.gov, the Department of
State web site provides timely, global access to official
U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes and daily press briefings along with the
directory of key officers of Foreign Service posts
and more. The Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC)
provides security information and regional news that impact
U.S. companies working abroad through its website http://www.osac.gov
Export.gov provides a portal to all export-related assistance and market information offered by the federal government and provides trade leads, free export counseling, help with the export process, and more.
STAT-USA/Internet, a service of the U.S. Department of Commerce, provides authoritative economic, business, and international trade information from the Federal government. The site includes current and historical trade-related releases, international market research, trade opportunities, and country analysis and provides access to the National Trade Data Bank.
ENDS