Cablegate: France Contribution for 2006 Tip Report - Part I

This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 07 PARIS 001335

SIPDIS

G/TIP FOR DONNELLY, G, INL, DRL, RPM, IWI, EUR/PGI FOR
BUCKNEBERG, EUR/WE FOR LARREA

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KCRM PHUM KWMN SMIG KFRD ASEC PREF ELAB FR BU RO AL SL CM NI
SUBJECT: FRANCE CONTRIBUTION FOR 2006 TIP REPORT - PART I
OF II

REF: STATE 3836

SUMMARY: France is a destination country for trafficked
persons, mainly women trafficked for prostitution from
Eastern Europe and Africa. There are between 15,000 and
18,000 prostitutes in France, of which about two-thirds --
between 10,000 and 12,000 -- are foreigners and thus likely
to be trafficking victims. France is making a determined
effort to combat trafficking in persons, as evidenced, inter
alia, by its extensive legislation, involvement of President
Chirac, its centralized trafficking police force, and its
provision of temporary residence permits to trafficking
victims. END SUMMARY.

1. Answers below are keyed to section and para numbers in
reftel. Embassy Paris TIP point of contact is Kim Baker,
bakerke@state.gov. Phone 33 1 43 12 23 93 (or IVG
8-498-2393), fax 33 1 43 12 26 63. Time spent on TIP report:
FS-04 poloff: 80 hours. FS-1 Deputy Political Counselor: 4
hours' review. POL M-C: 3 hours' review.

OVERVIEW - Question 21.
----------

A. France is a destination country for trafficked persons,
mainly women trafficked for prostitution from Eastern Europe
(Romania, Bulgaria, and to a lesser extent Albania) and
Africa (Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Cameroon). France's
national Central Office for the Repression of Trafficking in
Persons (OCRETH, a division of the National Police in the
Central Directorate of the Judicial Police in the Interior
Ministry) estimates that there are between 15,000 and 18,000
prostitutes in France, of which about two-thirds -- between
10,000 and 12,000 -- are foreigners and thus likely to be
trafficking victims.

OCRETH estimates the numbers and origin of prostitutes from
statistics of those arrested for solicitation, which was
criminalized in the 2003 Law on Internal Security (LSI).
OCRETH noted that in 2004, the national police identified 999
trafficking victims, 982 of whom were young women.
Three-quarters of the victims were foreign. Almost one-half
of the victims (45 percent) came from Eastern Europe and the
Balkans, while nearly one-fifth came from Africa. Jean-Michel
Colombani, the head of OCRETH, told us on February 28 that
those proportions held true for 2005, for which he shared
preliminary figures.

While by far the majority of trafficking victims in France
are brought to work in the sex trade, there is also
clandestine forced labor, mostly domestic workers. Since
domestic slavery is by its nature hidden (the victims are
kept working inside and often permitted no leave time, and
have no interchange with the outside world that would allow
them to tell their story), the Committee Against Modern
Slavery (CCEM) finds it difficult to estimate the numbers of
victims. Since its founding in 1994, it has assisted some
400 victims, of which a majority are African, and nearly nine
in ten are women. Nearly 30 percent arrived on French
territory as minors. CCEM also notes that in about one-fifth
of cases, the 'employers' are diplomats serving in France
enjoying diplomatic immunity.

B. Traffickers often tell victims they will be coming to work
in child care, restaurants, etc., and then seize their papers
when the victims arrive. Often traffickers subject the women
to brutal physical violence, including repeated rapes, to
render them submissive. In other cases, the women know they
will be coming to prostitute themselves, and that they will
have to repay a debt for passage, but do not know that they
will be subjected to such violent conditions and to the
confiscation of their papers. In the case of African
victims, often another woman (known as a "mama" or
"sorceress") will subject the woman to be trafficked to a
sort of 'voodoo' ritual before her departure from Africa, in
which the "sorceress" takes bodily substances from her --
for example, blood, hair, clothes, etc. - and puts a hex on
her. In this case, the woman believes so strongly that the
sorceress can always see/hear her actions that she is
effectively frightened from ever speaking to authorities,
even in what would seem to Westerners to be a "safe"
situation. Because the threats also extend to her family,
the woman is effectively discouraged from denouncing her
traffickers, or even trying to escape. An NGO that works
with victims in Nice, ALC Nice, related the story of a
Nigerian who was so convinced that her hair had been hexed
that she would not talk until after her head was shaved bald,
at which time she finally felt freed from the watchful eyes
of the "mama."

Trafficking victims in France are mostly put to work in
prostitution; they must earn money to pay bondage debts.
They are subject to violence including rape, threats to
themselves and their families, and withholding of documents.

One issue in France is that many of the trafficking victims
are in France legally -- the biggest single group of
trafficking victims in France are from Eastern Europe and the
Balkans, with most coming from Romania and Bulgaria. France
does not require visas for visitors from either of those
countries, slated to join the EU on January 1, 2007 (or
possibly in 2008), for visits of less than 90 days. Nigerian
victims can demand political asylum, providing them a means
to stay in France legally. One NGO contact estimates -- and
OCRETH director Colombani agrees -- that perhaps 80 percent
of trafficking victims in France have legal papers.

C. The French government is determined to combat trafficking
in persons and is making a good-faith effort to seriously
address trafficking. French government spending is subject
to some degree to the Eurozone requirement to limit its
budget deficit to 3 percent of GDP.

D. Elements of the interministerial commission are currently
preparing a report, mandated by the 2003 Law on Internal
Security (LSI), to describe France's progress in combatting
trafficking in persons. The report will be presented to the
French parliament and published. According to OCRETH, the
Health Ministry has the lead in compiling the report, for
which OCRETH submitted its contribution some months ago.
OCRETH expects to see the finished report perhaps in early
June. Post will send G/TIP a copy when it is published.

PREVENTION - Question 22.
-----------

A. Yes, France acknowledges that trafficking is a problem.
On January 30, President Chirac, in announcing the creation
of an annual national day to commemorate the abolition of
slavery in France, also proposed prosecuting commercial
enterprises that knowingly use forced labor, even for acts
committed abroad. In the same address, Chirac cited UN
figures that more than 20 million persons are trapped in
slavery worldwide, noting that forced labor exists under one
form or another on almost all continents today, and asked,
"How can we tolerate this at the beginning of the 21st
century? That so many children work, and often under
deplorable conditions? That so many young women are sold by
their family, to become unsalaried domestics or to be
delivered into prostitution?"

B. The Interministerial Commission combating trafficking
includes the OCRETH (which leads the government's
anti-trafficking efforts), along with several government
ministries, including Interior, Justice, Education, Tourism,
Health and Solidarity, Foreign Affairs, and Employment,
Social Cohesion, and Lodging. OCRETH also has strong ties
with the anti-pimping brigade of the Paris police. OCRETH is
the operational and political focal point for French efforts;
police units all over the country turn their cases over to
OCRETH if they are found to involve trafficking, and OCRETH
serves as the designated correspondent of inquiries (for
example, OCRETH chief Colombani testifies before the Senate
on trafficking questions).

C. In addition to President Chirac's public statements, the
government participated in an anti-trafficking poster
awareness campaign in 2005. The posters were displayed at the
"return to school" period (end-August, beginning of
September) and again in early November. Four French
departments displayed the posters: Ile de France (Paris
region), Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur (Marseille, Nice), the
Loire and Champagne. The posters (posters themselves and
photos of posters in situ sent to EUR/WE) sought to create
awareness of the fact that prostitutes in France may be
trafficking victims and bore the words: "Slaves for Sale: Now
you Know."

D. The government continues to fund the campaign of the NGO
ECPAT-France combatting child sex tourism; all Air France
flights (and Air France buses between Paris and the two Paris
airports) broadcast a video warning French tourists against
engaging in sex with minors and alerting them that their
actions on foreign soil are subject to prosecution in France.
In addition, profits from three out of the seven Air France
products available for purchase on board Air France planes (a
stuffed bear, a Concorde model, and a pen) are given to ECPAT.

F. The relationship between government officials, NGOs and
other relevant organizations or elements of civil society
varies. In Nice, Patrick Hauvuy, who heads the reinsertion
service of ALC Nice, has forged strong ties with Justice
Ministry officials and Police officers. On a set of meetings
in Nice with Hauvuy in October, poloff was able to see the
power of these personal relationships and the efforts of
these individuals (Hauvuy, Examining Magistrate Philippe
Dorcet, and Commandant of Police Serge LeMaire) in creating a
network that is combatting trafficking there. In some
localities, inter-agency relationships are more antagonistic,
with attendant problems for the fight against trafficking.
In general civil society plays a robust role in France, and
the French government recognizes its role in the battle.

G. France adequately monitors its borders, but a large part
of metropolitan French border-monitoring has been subsumed
into the Schengen Treaty, which covers the majority of
France's land borders and some of its air traffic as well
(persons arriving in flights, trains, and cars coming into
France from other Schengen member countries such as Belgium,
Spain, Italy, Germany, and Luxembourg are not subject to
border controls because passengers have either gone through
Schengen border control at the point where they entered
Schengen territory, or they themselves are Schengen residents
and thus receive no examination).

H. The mechanism for coordination and communication between
various ministries and agencies is the Interministerial
Commission to Combat Trafficking in Persons, which OCRETH
chairs. France also has a Working Group on the Fight Against
Sex Tourism Involving Children, which includes the Ministries
of Social Security, Aged Persons, Handicapped Persons and
Family; Minister-Delegate for Tourism; Ministry of Foreign
Affairs; Ministry of Interior; Youth Ministry; Justice
Ministry; NGOs, tourism-sector representatives, and other
experts.

J. France's current national plan of action to combat
trafficking in persons was enunciated in 2002. A copy (in
French) is with EUR/WE.

INVESTIGATION/PROSECUTION - Question 23.
-------------------------

A. French law specifically forbids trafficking in human
beings -- defined as "the recruitment, transport, transfer,
accommodation, or reception of a person in exchange for
remuneration or any other benefit or for the promise of
remuneration or any other benefit, in order to put him at the
disposal of a third party, whether identified or not, so as
to permit the commission against that person of offenses of
procuring, sexual assault or attack, exploitation for
begging, or the imposition of living or working conditions
inconsistent with human dignity, or to force this person to
commit any crime or misdemeanor" - for both sexual and
non-sexual purposes (French penal code, Book II, Title II,
Chapter V, Sec 1bis, Article 225-4-1 and following).

Two laws forbid subjecting a person to working and living
conditions which infringe on human dignity: Article 225-13 of
the Penal Code notes that "obtaining the performance of
unpaid services or of services against which a payment is
made which clearly bears no relation to the importance of the
work performed from a person whose vulnerability or
dependence is obvious or known to the offender is punished by
five year's imprisonment and by a fine of 150,000 euros;"
Article 225-14 notes that "subjecting a person whose
vulnerability or dependence is obvious or known to the
offender to working or living conditions incompatible with
human dignity is punished by five years' imprisonment and by
a fine of 150,000 euros." Further, subsequent articles
(225-15 and 225-15-1) provide for stiffer penalties for
persons who conduct either of the two previous activities
against more than one person (seven year's prison and 200,000
euros); against a minor (seven years' prison and 200,000
euros; or against several persons, of whom one is a minor (10
years' prison and 300,000 euros).

There is no law that specifically forbids slavery in the
French penal code, although, as a signatory to the European
Convention on Human Rights, article 4 of which forbids
slavery, France forbids slavery. A senator from the centrist
party has introduced a bill that would criminalize slavery
and servitude.

B. Penalties are the same for sexual and labor exploitation
trafficking, as the French legal definition of trafficking
covers both (see para above). Trafficking in persons is
punishable by up to seven years in prison and a fine of up to
150,000 euros (Art. 225-4-1); the penalty rises to 10 years'
imprisonment and a 1.5-million-euro fine if the trafficking
involves a minor, pregnant woman, or other "vulnerable
persons"; a person "upon his arrival on (French) territory;"
if threats are used; or if the perpetrator holds a position
that requires him/her to fight against human trafficking or
in any of several other aggravating circumstances (Art.
225-4-2). If an organized gang perpetrates the trafficking,
it is punishable by 20 years' imprisonment and a
3-million-euro fine (Art. 225-4-3), and if the trafficking is
committed with "recourse to torture or acts of barbarity,"
the perpetrator(s) incurs life imprisonment and a
4.5-million-euro fine (Art. 225-4-4).

C. Sexual assault is punishable by up to five years in
prison and a 75,000-euro fine (Art. 222-27), seven years and
100,000 euros if the victim is under 15 years of age or if
there are aggravating circumstances (Arts. 222-28 and
222-29). Convicted rapists can receive up to 15 years in
prison (Art. 222-23); if the rape was committed against
someone under 15 years of age, the penalty increases to up to
20 years (Art. 222-24).

D. Prostitution itself is not illegal, but exploiting
someone to prostitute him or herself (e.g. pimping, or
"procuring" someone else) is illegal, as is solicitation.
Prostitutes can be arrested for 'passive' solicitation (as
determined by the police; the law is vague on what
constitutes 'passive conduct,' and this can include even the
manner of dress or having a large number of condoms on one's
person). The age of majority in France is 18. Anyone
soliciting, accepting, or obtaining a person of less than 18
years of age for sexual services in exchange for remuneration
or the promise of it is subject to three years' imprisonment
and a 45,000-euro fine (French penal code Article 225-12-1),
more for aggravating circumstances (Article 225-12-2), and
even more (seven years' prison and a fine of 100,000 euros)
if the child is less than 15 years of age (Art. 225-12-3).
Solicitation can bring up to two months in jail and up to
3,750 euros in fines (Art. 225-10-1). Pimps are punished
under laws prohibiting "procuring," defined as when a person
"in any manner 1) helps, assists, or protects the
prostitution of others; 2) makes a profit out of the
prostitution of others, shares the proceeds of it, or
receives income from a person engaging habitually in
prostitution; and/or 3) hires, trains, or corrupts a person
with a view to prostitution or exercises on such a person
pressure to practice prostitution or to continue doing so."
(Art 225-5) Procuring is punished by seven years'
imprisonment and a fine of 150,000 euros. The law also
criminalizes acting as an intermediary between a prostitute
and a pimp; facilitating the justification of a pimp's
fictitious resources; being unable to account for one's
income when one lives with a prostitute; and obstructing
prevention, control, assistance, or re-education efforts for
prostitute(s). Under aggravating circumstances (including
where the prostitute is a minor), procuring is punishable by
ten years' imprisonment and a fine of 1.5 million euros (Art.
225-7), and if the prostitute is under 15 years old, it is
punishable by 15 years' imprisonment and a 3-million-euro
fine (Art. 225-7-1). If an organized gang does the
procuring, the punishment is 20 years' prison and a
3-million-euro fine (Art 225-8), and if the procurer(s)
resort to torture or acts of barbarity, it is punishable by
life imprisonment and a 4.5-million-euro fine (Art 225-9).

E. As of the end of February, France has not yet compiled
its full statistics for 2005. Given the relative weight of
the sex trade in slavery in France, post believes it
appropriate to examine pimping and solicitation arrests, in
addition to trafficking data, as the former are likely also
reflective of convictions of persons running trafficked
persons (mostly women) in the sex trade. The Ministry of
Interior released preliminary figures showing that in 2005,
there were 1,053 cases of pimping charges (OCRETH told us
that these were 880 separate persons, of whom 55 percent were
foreign). Almost two-thirds of those charged were men. Over
half (55%) of the charges were against foreigners. The number
of minors has dropped dramatically from 2003 to 2005, from 34
boys and girls picked up for pimping to nine.

According to a late 2005 OCRETH assessment of final 2004
figures, the 943 pimping charges in 2004 represented 717
separate persons (some were picked up more than once). More
than two-thirds (71 percent) were men, and 29 percent were
women. Foreigners represented more than half of those
charged. One-third of the total number of persons charged
were from Eastern Europe or the Balkans (in the order of
Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania). OCRETH said that
authorities identified 1,429 victims in 2005, up from 999 in
2004. As of report deadline, OCRETH had only 2005 raw
numbers, which it had not yet been able to analyze.

In September, the Justice Ministry shared its statistics on
convictions for pimping, solicitation, and trafficking for
2004. According to its figures, in 2004, there were 1,719
convictions for pimping and aggravated pimping (some of which
could have been the same person convicted on multiple
counts). There were no/no convictions on the basis of the
trafficking in persons law. One of Post's NGO contacts
estimates -- and OCRETH's Colombani agreed -- that
prosecutors may be continuing to use the anti-pimping laws in
place of the anti-trafficking provision with regard to sex
slaves because the anti-pimping laws are so strong, and
prosecutors are accustomed to using them, in part because
they are so strong. Colombani pointed out that the Interior
Ministry presented around 50 charges of trafficking in 2004,
and about the same number in 2005; these cases may result in
convictions on the basis of the trafficking law, but so far
have not made their way through the courts system. In
addition, those charged in a Bulgarian Roma baby-selling ring
busted by OCRETH and local police officials in Lille and
Marseille in October were charged on the basis of the
anti-trafficking law.

In any event, in 2004 there were, for example, 396
convictions on the basis of the two basic anti-pimping laws;
330 aggravated pimping convictions for those instances with a
plurality of authors or accomplices; and 511 aggravated
pimping convictions for those cases in which there was more
than one victim. There was one conviction for aggravated
pimping of a victim of less than 15 years of age.

The government provided information on the penalties imposed
ONLY for those cases in which the pimping count in question
was the sole infraction for which the individual was
committed. In many cases, persons were convicted on several
different counts, so we have only a kind of anecdotal sample
as regards penalties. (NOTE: Government officials were
trying to give the most accurate picture possible of the
sentence received for the specific pimping infraction. For
that reason, they did not/not provide the penalty if the
pimping infraction was only one among two or more convictions
that a person received. For example, if the person had been
convicted of murder in addition to pimping, the penalty would
obviously be much higher, and there would be no way to know
how much of the penalty applied to the pimping conviction.
END NOTE)

With this caveat in mind, we learn that, for example, on code
10495, "aggravated pimping in which the vulnerability of the
victim was apparent," there were seven convictions in 2004.
In five of those cases, the conviction was only one of the
convictions for which the person was sentenced; in one case
it was the FIRST of a list of convictions, and in one case it
was the ONLY conviction the person received. In the last
case, the person who was convicted on this count, and ON NO
OTHER COUNT, received a suspended prison term and served no
time. However, for the six other persons convicted of that
particular infraction in 2004, we have no information on the
penalty received.

Of the 43 persons convicted of "aggravated pimping involving
a minor from 15 to 18 years of age," only eight were
convicted solely on this count; all eight of those persons
received a prison term (without suspension or possibility of
parole), serving an average of a little more than 21 months
each.

Of the 78 persons for whom "aggravated pimping because the
case involved multiple victims" was their SOLE conviction
(out of the 511 total convictions for that infraction), all
78 received prison terms, 57 of them firm. The average
prison term was two years and four months.

Of the 32 persons convicted solely of "aggravated pimping in
the case where there were multiple authors or accomplices"
(of the 330 total convictions for the infraction), 32
received prison terms, 26 of them firm; the average time
served was two years and seven months.

Of the 356 persons convicted in 2004 on the basis of the
basic anti-pimping law that prohibits aiding, assisting, or
protecting the prostitution of another, for 63 it was the
sole infraction. Of those 63, 52 received prison sentences,
19 of them firm; the average time served was just short of
one year. Seven of the 63 received fines, the average of
which was 3,875 euros.

In the case of the one 2004 conviction for "aggravated
pimping because the victim was less than 15 years old," we
have no information on the penalty received, because the
person was convicted on one or more other counts.

Post can provide more detail on convictions relative to other
pimping infractions; here we have provided a random sample.

As regards domestic forced servitude, the Committee Against
Modern Slavery (CCEM) helps victims bring claims against
their "employers" (one-fifth of which claim diplomatic
immunity as members of the diplomatic corps) on the basis of
Penal Code Articles 225-13 and 225-14 (see above). In 2005,
the victims won several cases. According to CCEM officials,
their judicial service is currently working on the cases of
99 victims at various stages of the judicial process, 33 of
which are new cases that they took on in 2005.

F. In 2005, according to OCRETH, French authorities
dismantled 41 international trafficking networks and three
France-based trafficking networks. There are large and small
networks operating in France, and often, the chiefs of the
networks do not enter France, but stay out in the country of
origin, or sometimes a third country. There is no indication
that there are any French government officials involved in
trafficking.

G. The French government actively investigates trafficking
cases, using surveillance, telephone taps, and a wide range
of investigative techniques. In addition, French law
enourages the testimony of trafficking victims by providing
residency cards for victims who file complaint or testify in
cases that end in a conviction, but French police can also
proceed (on an investigation, or with taps, etc.) without a
victim's complaint or testimony.

H. OCRETH seeks to create with Fondation Scelles (see NGO
descriptions in Part II) a National Day of Cooperation that
would bring together NGOs, police from various jurisdictions,
and judicial officials to provide training especially to
police outside the OCRETH force, to familiarize them with how
to treat trafficking victims they encounter in their work.
In 2005, OCRETH organized three meetings bringing together
the various police forces within the DCPJ (Central Department
of Judicial Police, of which OCRETH is one element), the
gendarmerie, and local security services to ask the Interior
Ministry to attack the "small hands" -- the ground level --
of trafficking networks. In addition, OCRETH hosts various
police officials or judicial magistrates for rotations, in
which the officials learn more about OCRETH's work and the
French government's aims vis-a-vis trafficking.

I. The French government cooperates with other governments in
investigating and prosecuting traffickers and in trying to
prevent trafficking from occurring. OCRETH has an officer
posted in the French Embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria, to serve as
a liaison with Bulgarian officials to combat the trafficking
of Bulgarian nationals to France. The officer is attached to
the French police attache's office. Three Bulgarian police
officers came to work with OCRETH in 2005; one assisted in
the dismantling of a trafficking network in Dijon, and two
came for shorter periods to assist OCRETH with the
dismantlement of a Bulgarian Roma ring peddling babies. In
Bucharest, the French Embassy has a large cell that works
closely with local police to address the trafficking issue;
the OCRETH in Paris works with the Romanian police attache
here; and the French MFA recently led a mission comprised of
officials and NGOs to Romania to share best practices with
their counterparts and to set up contact networks. French
officials worked with Belgian and Albanian officials to
dismantle a large Albanian trafficking network that was
present in both Belgium and France. Police officers involved
in the fight to combat trafficking travel regularly to source
countries to work with their counterparts, although they have
had problems finding willing counterparts in Nigeria, Sierra
Leone, and Cameroon.

J. France can extradite persons suspected of trafficking to
other countries, and the process can be expedited when the
seeking country is a fellow party to the European arrest
warrant. In the case of a country such as Bulgaria or
Romania, extradition is subject to the Council of Europe
extradition treaty. France does not extradite its own
citizens.

K. There is no evidence of French government involvement in
or tolerance of trafficking on either a local or national
level. Governmental authorities do not facilitate or condone
trafficking, nor are they otherwise complicit in such
activities. Punishments for any official person whose post
requires him/her to participate in the fight against human
trafficking who is found guilty of trafficking are more
severe than the penalties for traffickers (French penal code,
Article 225-4-2), and the law provides for a seven-year
imprisonment and fine of up to 750,000 euros if someone
"cannot account for resources corresponding to one's
lifestyle while being in close contact with one or more
(trafficking) victims or perpetrators" (Art. 225-4-8).

L. No evidence of French government involvement in
trafficking, see above.

M. France's child sex tourism laws have extraterritorial
coverage. Sex with minors can be punished under French law
if the act is committed by a French national or by a person
habitually resident on French territory (i.e., the person
need not be a French citizen to be subject to the law).
(Penal Code, Art. 225-12-3).

In 2005, the French government adopted two of the
interministerial commission's 12 recommendations of September
2004:

In May 2005, 20 leading tourism professionals signed a
charter with Tourism Minister Bertrand pledging to increase
their efforts against child sex tourism. Under the charter,
the companies agree to conduct several actions to aid in the
fight. The French government started a review of the actions
in November, and they will continue to be evaluated annually.

On October 20, Bertrand launched an initiative at an EU
tourism ministers' meeting to give new impetus to the EU's
fight against child sex tourism. The French propose
increasing the voluntary commitments made by travel industry
professionals to address the problem (by means of a charter
along the lines of the French model); setting up an informal
group and a website on child sex tourism to facilitate the
exchange of best practices between EU member states; and
sharing information and planning joint actions with the
countries that are plagued by child sex tourism.

Carole de Bartoli of ECPAT-France told Post recently that the
government will announce toward the end of March further
measures it will undertake relative to the interministerial
commission's September 2004 proposals. Post will send in any
updates as necessary.

N. France has signed and ratified all the referenced
instruments.
ILO Convention 182 - Ratified 9/11/01
ILO Convention 29 - Ratified 6/24/37.
ILO Convention 105 - Ratified 12/18/69
Optional Protocol to CRC - Signed 2/6/00, Ratified 2/5/03
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish TIP supplementing UN
Convention against Transnational OC - Signed 12/12/00,
Ratified 10/29/02

Please visit Paris' Classified Website at:
http://www.state.sgov.gov/p/eur/paris/index.c fm

Stapleton

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