Calls for more deep sea mining protections

Center for Ocean Solutions calls for more deep sea mining protections

The Center for Ocean Solutions' new policy report “Managing mining of the deep seabed”, published on 10 July 2015 in the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s official journal, Science (1), calls on the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to address the ocean floor's currently lax environmental protections, in the face of growing industrial interests.

According to this report mining and drilling companies are making plans to extract natural resources from previously untapped deep sea beds, yet protections for the ocean floor remain limited.

This point is central to what is concluded:

As is so often the case, business interests are outpacing regulatory protections -- this time in the realm of deep-sea mining.

"Our purpose is to point out that the ISA has an important opportunity to create networks of no-mining Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as part of the regulatory framework they are considering at their July meeting," Lisa Wedding, a scientist with the group and lead author of the new report, explained in a recent press release (2). "The establishment of regional MPA networks in the deep sea could potentially benefit both mining and biodiversity interests by providing more economic certainty and ecosystem protection."

The ISA is a U.N.-backed intergovernmental organization tasked with regulating mining activities in the seabed outside national jurisdiction. The body, which has already granted more than two dozen exploratory permits to national and private mining interests, is currently meeting in Kingston, Jamaica.

Conservation groups are calling on the body to cease issuing permits until stronger regulatory protections are established.

"Deep-sea areas targeted by mining claims frequently harbor high biodiversity and fragile habitats, and may have very slow rates of recovery from physical disturbance," said Craig Smith, co-author of the report and professor of oceanography at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Sought after for the minerals and rare earth metals that may exist there, these dark ocean floors are far from public eyes, making keeping tabs on environmental damage is especially difficult. That's all the more reason, the group says, to establish more expansive protections.

"The time is now to protect this important part of the planet for current and future generations," added Larry Crowder, report co-author and senior fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. "Decisions that affect us all will be made by the ISA this summer."

Footnotes:

1. Access full Report with this web link: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/349/6244/144.summary?sid=eaa86aa1-2b2c-4fef-a677-c15899409edc

2. Text of the Press Release:

(http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/news-stories/protecting-deep-sea-call-balancing-mining-and-ecosystem-protection-0)

Monterey, CA - Thousands of feet below the ocean’s surface lies a hidden world of undiscovered species and unique seabed habitats—as well as a vast untapped store of natural resources including valuable metals and rare-earth minerals. Technology and infrastructure development worldwide is dramatically increasing demand for these resources, which are key components in everything from cars and modern buildings to computers and smartphones. This demand has catalyzed interest in mining huge areas of the deep-sea floor.

In a paper published this week in Science, researchers from the Center for Ocean Solutions and co-authors from leading institutions around the world propose a strategy for balancing commercial extraction of deep-sea resources with protection of diverse seabed habitats. The paper is intended to inform upcoming discussions by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) that will set the groundwork for future deep-sea environmental protection and mining regulations.

“Our purpose is to point out that the ISA has an important opportunity to create networks of no-mining Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as part of the regulatory framework they are considering at their July meeting,” says lead author Lisa Wedding, an early career science fellow at the Center for Ocean Solutions. “The establishment of regional MPA networks in the deep sea could potentially benefit both mining and biodiversity interests by providing more economic certainty and ecosystem protection.”

The ISA is charged with managing the seabed and its resources outside of national jurisdictions for the benefit of humankind. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the deep seabed is legally a part of the “common heritage of mankind,” meaning that it belongs to each and every human on the planet.

“The ISA is the only body with the legal standing and responsibility to manage mining beyond national jurisdiction,” said Kristina Gjerde, an international high-seas lawyer and co-author on the Science paper.

Since 2001, the ISA has granted 26 mining exploration contracts covering more than one million square kilometers of seabed, with 18 of these contracts granted in the last four years. Researchers recommend that the ISA, as part of its strategic plans to protect deep-seabed habitats and manage mining impacts, take a precautionary approach and set up networks of MPAs before additional large claim areas are granted for deep seabed mining.

“Given our paltry understanding of deep-sea environments, regional networks of MPAs that designate significant portions of the deep seabed as off-limits to mining would provide key insurance against unanticipated environmental impacts,” said co-author Steven Gaines, dean of the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management at the University of California at Santa Barbara.

Mining impacts could affect important environmental benefits that the deep sea provides to human beings. For example, the deep sea is a key player in our planet’s carbon cycle, capturing a substantial amount of human-emitted carbon which impacts both weather and climate. Mining activities could disturb these deep-sea carbon sinks, releasing excess carbon back into the atmosphere. The deep sea also sustains economically important fisheries, and harbors microorganisms which have proven valuable in a number of pharmaceutical, medical and industrial applications.

“Deep-sea areas targeted by mining claims frequently harbor high biodiversity and fragile habitats, and may have very slow rates of recovery from physical disturbance,” said Craig Smith, a co-author and professor of oceanography at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Smith and a team of scientists, helped the ISA pioneer the deep sea’s first regional environmental management plan in 2012. Located in an area of the Pacific Ocean known as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), the plan honored existing mining exploration claims while protecting delicate habitats by creating a network of MPAs. The CCZ serves as a model for how future deep-sea ecosystem management could unfold.

A 26-year old test mining track (1.5 m wide) created at the seafloor of the CCZ illustrating the extremely slow recovery of these abyssal ecosystems from physical disturbance. Credit: Copyright Ifremer, Nodinaut cruise (2004).

“This kind of precautionary approach achieves a balance of economic interests and conservation benefits,” said Sarah Reiter, a co-author and former early career law and policy fellow at the Center for Ocean Solutions who now works as an ocean policy analyst at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

The upcoming ISA session on July 15th represents a critical juncture for defining the future of deep-sea mining and protection.

“The time is now to protect this important part of the planet for current and future generations,” said Larry Crowder, a co-author and science director at the Center for Ocean Solutions and senior fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. “Decisions that affect us all will be made by the ISA this summer.”

ENDS

© Scoop Media